contributions to global trade growth have come from East Asian countries in the developing world and the Euro area in the developed … world. Merchandise trade, which in recent years has been less resilient than services trade, picked up, growing by 4 …

. Trade policy developments are mixed. Restrictive trade measures imposed during 2018 affected 3.8 percent of world …-for-tat tariffs between the United States and China alone affected 2.0 percent of world merchandise trade in 2018. Ongoing trade … a multilateral approach and World Trade Organization reforms …

dealing with undervalued exchange rates. This paper proposes new rules in the World Trade Organization to discipline cases of … WTO's enforcement mechanism is credible and effective. The World Trade Organization would not be involved in exchange rate … advantage of the two institutions, with the International Monetary Fund providing the essential technical expertise in the World …

industrialized and developing countries. To overcome these "narrative," "adding-up," and "new world" problems, respectively, this …