base case we find that the EU implementation of the Kyoto Protocol implies low overall costs and a relatively even cost … marginally but changes the cost distribution significantly, holding total EU emissions constant. …

magnitude and distribution of abatement costs across EU countries vis-à-vis a comprehensive EU emission trading regime. We find … permit trade enhances the secondary terms-of-trade benefits to EU member countries with low marginal abatement costs at the … expense of the other EU member states. …

requirement. Investments and reforms proposed by EU countries in their national medium-term fiscal structural plans can be … expected to also inform the fiscal adjustment proposed by member states. Yet, the EU lacks an agreed methodology for deciding …

post-war reconstruction starts, and how the EU handles issues of governance, security, migration, trade, investment, the … energy transition, decarbonisation and the EU budget. The enlargement process is likely to overlap with post …-war reconstruction, increasing the EU's influence in fostering Ukraine's institutional development. Ukrainian leaders will have strong …