Theories of regional integration typically analyze the regional integration process from the perspective of a single discipline, usually economics. However, such one-dimensional analytical frameworks cannot fully capture the richness and complexity of the inherently multi-dimensional regional...

This paper introduces an alternative indicator to evaluate the external sector behavior of a country or region. The objective of this indicator, titled “The External Sector Vulnerability Monitoring Index” (henceforth ESVM) (λ), is to offer policy-makers and researchers a new analytical tool...

In the past two decades different authors from different fields of research (economic, political and social view points) have explained the evolution and effects of globalization and regionalism on the world economy. Different theories and analytical tools have been developed and applied in...

This paper examines how to evaluate corruption based on the socio-economic development leakage that any country can experience in different historical periods. It is based on a new indicator entitled ”The Massive Socio-Economic Development Leakage from Corruption Index (∂-n-Index).” This...

This paper is interested to show an alternative methodological approach to evaluate regional trade agreements under the application of the National Production Function (NP-Function). The main idea is to find each national production function for each country member interested to join into a...

The impact of COVID-19 on economic growth is substantial, but measuring such implications to get a sense of the intensity of its effects on economic performance is subject to a great deal of uncertainty. As such, this paper primarily attempts to close this gap by introducing the economics of the...

This study proposes to apply the trade liberalization evaluation methodology (TLE-Methodology) by Ruiz Estrada (2004) to the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) twelve members. The TLE-Methodology offer new indexes. There are four basic phases in the implementation of TLE-Methodology. The first...

In this paper, we introduce a new macroeconomic indicator, the Income Per Capita Desgrowth Rate (ξ-Rate). Calculation of the ξ-Rate is based on the income per capita desgrowth discount rate (Ð-Rate). Calculation of the Ð-Rate, in turn, is based on simultaneously evaluating sixteen different...

This paper is interested to introduce a new macroeconomic indicator that is called “Income PerCapita Desgrowth Rate (ξ-Rate).” Basically, the ξ-Rate calculation is based on the final result from the income per-capita desgrowth discount rate (Ð-Rate) respectively. In fact, the Ð-Rate...

Following the Minimum Food Security Quota (MFS-Quota) proposed by Ruiz Estrada, Ndoma, and Park (2016) to evaluate and determine the food sustainability of any given developing and least developed countries in the event of any famine this paper sets out to apply the MFS-Quota to test...