advantage in the final stage. We examine such momentum in conflict scenarios and investigate how valuable it must be to avoid a …, rent dissipation in the two-stage conflict is equal across party whether or not an individual obtains first-stage momentum … as useful conflict benchmarks, they dissipate additional expected contest rents. This additional rent-dissipative toll …

(proxied by individual values) interacts with the stickiest formal institutions in development, which leads to a very special …-togetherness" of values and institutions. Besides establishing that both values and sticky formal institutions are strong determinants … of long-run income, I find that the "stuck-togetherness" of values and institutions acts as a separate factor in …