The COVID-19 pandemic and the pressure it has created on member states’ public finances have led European authorities to suspend the EU’s fiscal rules. In fact, these rules had long been criticised by academics and had only been abided by exceptionally. Beyond the rules themselves, the...

The COVID-19 pandemic and the pressure it has created on member states' public finances have led European authorities to suspend the EU's fiscal rules. In fact, these rules had long been criticised by academics and had only been abided by exceptionally. Beyond the rules themselves, the lessons...

Refinancing of green credit by the European Central Bank at favourable conditions has received the backing of some economists and policymakers. The article examines the motives put forward to support this proposal, as well as how it could be implemented and how its proponents try to ward off...

Although there are currently four retail central bank digital currencies in circulation, no central bank has yet issued the wholesale form of a central bank digital currency. There are good reasons to do so, however, and central banks have already conducted projects in this area. A wholesale...

[fre] Stratégies de politique monétaire. Quelques enseignements du passé récent et pistes pour l'avenir. . On tire quelques enseignements des politiques d'objectifs des Banques centrales depuis une dizaine d'années : convergence sur l'objectif final de stabilité des prix ; a contrario,...