While the United States Securities and Exchange Commission utilized their proprietary Consolidated Audit Trail data in its analysis of the potential benefits of the proposed Order Competition Rule (OCR), they instead chose to utilize an algorithm to infer potential retail trades in the publicly...

We identify retail brokers that seemingly route orders to maximize order flow payments: selling market orders and sending limit orders to venues paying large liquidity rebates. Angel, Harris, and Spatt (2011) argue that this type of routing may not always be in customers' best interests. For...

Most financial security trading venues prioritize competing liquidity providers with price-time priority; entities displaying the best-priced limit order earliest trade with the next opposite-sided liquidity-demanding order. The New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) rule putting traders “on parity”...

Theory suggests that reputations, developed in repeated face-to-face interactions, allow non-anonymous, floor-based trading venues to attenuate adverse selection in the trading process. We identify instances when stocks listed on the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) relocate on the trading floor....

Before changes to Regulation ATS in 2018, brokers were not required to disclose information regarding the operations of their private trading venues known as dark pools. As a result, most institutional investors relied on broker representations when deciding whether or not to send orders to...