Without resolute counteraction, the effects of climate change are likely to exceed many societies’ adaptive capacities to internal or external stresses within the coming decades. This could result in destabilization and violence, jeopardizing national and international security to a new and...

The Warsaw Framework for REDD (WFR) has established a robust and comprehensive framework for the effective and sustained implementation of REDD activities while aiming at environmental integrity and tangible results. A critical element of the WFR are the modalities for measuring, reporting and...

The need for equitable effort-sharing lies at the heart of the global response to climate change. Yet, until the very moment of the adoption of the Paris Agreement, the question of differentiation between the state parties remained controversial. This article seeks to examine the contemporary...

When Norway set up its National Allocation Plan (NAP) for 2008–2012 as required under Directive 2003/87/EC to permit it to engage in the EU Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS), it attempted to increase the environmental effectiveness of the EU ETS by introducing the auctioning of allowances to...