An increased focus on consumer collective redress marks the shift from substance- to enforcement-oriented perspective in the EU consumer policy. The EU action in this regard is currently at the stage of feasibility study but it seems to be moving towards a mechanism protecting collective rather...

Since its creation, European Union (hereinafter: ‘the EU’) has experienced various enlargements. In 1973, Denmark, Ireland and the United Kingdom joined the EU. Greece became a Member in 1981 and was followed by Spain and Portugal in 1986. Austria, Finland and Sweden accessed the EU in 1995....

In August 2008, the Polish Competition and Consumer Protection Authority (CCPA) referred to the European Commission the results of its proceedings concerning the conditions of sale of laptops with a pre-installed Windows operating system. According to the CCPA, Microsoft and laptop manufacturers...

Polish Abstract: Celem tego artykułu jest „przygotowanie gruntu” pod debatę panelową „Arbitraż inwestycyjny a prawa człowieka” (Uniwersytet Warszawski, 27 marca 2014 r.) poprzez nakreślenie ogólnych ram, w których dochodzi do dialogu lub konfliktu między arbitrażem...

As a result of the review of the New Approach, a modernized regulatory framework for the marketing of goods and market surveillance will be applicable in the European Community beginning on January 1, 2010. The new comprehensive package of measures affects the governance of the Internal Market...