This article considers the dynamics of Spanish literacy in the period 1860-1910, characterized by local councils’ responsibility of public elementary education. To this end, it is built a harmonized series of the literacy of the population aged ten or over, disaggregated by sex and province....

This article considers the dynamics of Spanish literacy in the period 1860-1910, characterized by local councils’ responsibility of public elementary education. To this end, it is built a harmonized series of the literacy of the population aged ten or over, disaggregated by sex and province....

The Kulturkampf set off by article 26 of the Constitution of the Second Spanish Republic is used to construct a proxy variable for the intensity of confessional allegiance in Spain. The correlation between literacy and confessional intensity is then considered in two points in time during the...

A comparative picture of the literacy processes in Western Europe on the eve of and during the Second Industrial Revolution is provided, taking censual literacy rates as a yardstick to measure and compare literacy in different countries. If only partial or insufficient censual data are...

A family of algorithms provides a formalization of how the basic one-round electoral systems – highest average and largest remainders, single transferable vote and single non-transferable vote systems – proceed in transforming votes into seats. In this way, the basic one-round electoral...

The existence of short-term monetary equilibrium in a frictionless economy with suboptimal agents is proved for any (reasonable) given interest rate. Separability ideas (as defined in Decision Theory) are applied. Two financial markets are in operation: for bank contracts (deposits and credits)...

Three sequential models of consumption economies are considered, where consumers´only endowment is money. The existence and unicity of temporary equilibria, the neutrality of money and the validity of quantity theory are investigated. In the first two models "money" is persihable; in the second...