Besides acquiring external knowledge, many firms have begun to actively commercialize technology, for example, by means of out-licensing. This increase in inward and outward technology transactions reflects the new paradigm of open innovation. Most prior research into open innovation is limited...

Benchmarking of innovation processes requires the reliable assessment of nondocumented organizational characteristics. Based on key informant literature we discuss the difficulties of gaining reliable information from respondents and identify potential sources for heterogeneous perceptions among...