We investigate a variant of the Hotelling--Downs model where politicians choose their policies under ostracism with each voter voting for the politician whose policy is least preferable for him and the politician obtaining the most votes being expelled. We present a necessary and sufficient...

This paper first clarifies that, unlike propensity-score weighting in Rubin's causal model where confounding covariates can be endogenous, propensity-score weighting in the DiNardo-Fortin-Lemieux (DFL) decomposition analysis may generate biased estimates for the decomposition of inequality...