Purpose The existence of internal control for Sharīʿah-compliance promotes reasonable assurance that the Islamic financial institution's (IFI's) objectives are achieved in the following categories, namely, the effectiveness and efficiency of operations, the reliability of financial reporting...

This work presents an empirical study of energy demand, in which demand for energy is expressed as a function of various factors, such as income, price, economic structure, and CO2 emission. Parameter values are estimated econometrically, using a panel data approach of 16 developing countries...

Different from a conventional cooperative, a Shari'ah-based cooperative observes Shari'ah principles. As these cooperatives offers Islamic financial products and involves in Shari'ah compliant investment, they are bound to observe Shari'ah governance structure, transparency, disclosure of...