Most prior research on corporate social responsibility (CSR) disclosure considers environmental and social components as additive or complementary. In this paper, we extend the existing literature on CSR by investigating the substitution effect of social disclosure and environmental disclosure...

This study investigates whether U.S. multinational firms with subsidiaries located in offshore financial centers (OFCs) (i.e., offshore firms) are more likely to be opaque in their voluntary disclosure relative to U.S. multinationals without such subsidiaries (non-offshore firms). We use...