The construct validity of self-reported counterproductive work behaviors (CPBs) and organizational citizenship behaviors (OCBs) was explored by separating item content from item wording, through the confirmatory factor analysis of three scales: a CPB scale containing only negatively worded...

We examine organizational- (work empowerment) and individual-level (leader identity) factors that may affect leadership aspirations and how these factors interact with financial strain. A natural intervention in which time 1 data were collected prior to the COVID-19 pandemic allowed us to...