The main goal of the paper is to investigate whether real GDP follows a trend stationary or a different stationary process. Our hypothesis is that real output is characterized by a non-linear mean reverting process. It is flexible Fourier stationary unit root test proposed by Enders and Lee...

In this paper, we investigate the extent to which precious metals can be used as a hedge from the perspective of global supply chain uncertainty (GSCU), which is significant for obtaining higher investment returns. This exploration uses the wavelet-based quantile-on-quantile regression (QQR)...

This paper employs the mixed frequency vector autoregression (MF-VAR) to discuss the causal link between crude oil dependence and military expenditure in China. The empirical results demonstrate that the crude oil dependence Granger causes military expenditure and accounts for 66.8% of the...