Using a large sample of stocks from 48 developed and emerging markets, we show that the benefits of diversification persist during the global financial crisis, the coronavirus pandemic, and other hard times, demonstrating their countercyclicality. This result suggests that the benefits of...

In this study, we find some evidence in favor of systematic risk being priced in the cross-section of stock returns when the effects of presidential cycles and political environments are taken into account. During Democratic presidencies or harmonious political environments, beta has a positive...

Asset-pricing theories involve expectations whereas asset-pricing tests are almost universally performed on noisy realizations. This paper addresses this fundamental yet difficult problem to find that the noise in realized returns endogenizes the market factor, thereby causing the measured risk,...

In this paper, we investigate the impact of the interactions between presidential cycle and political environment on stock returns. We find that neither presidential cycle nor political environment has a significant impact on big firms. In contrast, we find that small firms perform significantly...

This study uses a large sample of international stocks to examine the sources of the benefits of international portfolio diversification. It finds not only that international diversification outperformed industrial diversification over the past 25 years, but also that the gains from...

Recent conditional tests show that exchange risk is priced in integrated international markets. However, these results are typically obtained assuming that intertemporal risk does not matter. We test an intertemporal international asset-pricing model where the investment opportunity set is...

We develop a three-moment international asset-pricing model (TM-IAPM) that prices coskewness and embeds the standard IAPMs as special cases. We use the model to investigate the time-series behavior of market, size, value, and momentum premiums in the United States, Japan, and the United Kingdom...

Many financial economists are puzzled by the fact that stock returns are higher under Democratic than Republican presidencies. In this paper, we test whether this return differential is explained by risk using a conditional version of the Fama and French (1993) model that allows risk to vary...

Event studies are widely used in finance research to investigate the implications of announcements of corporate initiatives, regulatory changes, or macroeconomic shocks on stock prices. These studies are often used in a single country setting (usually the U.S.), but little work has yet been...

We argue that the alpha obtained from an asset-pricing model naturally captures the misspecifications in this model. We use this insight to provide a practical way to adjust a misspecified pricing model. We find that (unlike the market beta) the CAPM alpha pervasively predicts the cross-section...