Pakistan's internal conflict and Pakistan-India conflict on the health of people in Pakistan is analyzed during 1972 …The immediate health cost of violent armed conflict is in the form of deaths and injuries of the combatants as well as …-2004. Pakistan's internal conflict and the conflict with India during 1972-2004 are minor violent and non-violent/latent conflicts …

We examine whether frontier rule, which disallows frontier residents from a recourse to formal institutions of conflict … of shocks. Combining a historical border separating frontier from non-frontier regions in north-western Pakistan with 10 …km-by10km grid cell-level data on conflict in a spatial regression discontinuity design framework, we show that areas …

A considerable body of empirical evidence indicates that conflict affects reproductive behaviour, often resulting in an … about the effect of peace in a post-conflict setting. This study explores how the external provision of security affects … deployment period. This is due to parents prioritizing quality over quantity: peacekeepers improve maternal and child health and …

military spending on growth conditional upon conflict exposure is positive and significant across all specifications, albeit … the result is specific to internal instead of external conflict. …