While much is now known about the effects of physical health shocks to pregnant women on the outcomes of the in …-utero child, we know little about the effects of psychological stresses. One clear form of stress to the mother comes from the … death of a parent. We examine the effects of the death of the mother's parent during pregnancy on both the short-run and the …

While much is now known about the effects of physical health shocks to pregnant women on the outcomes of the in …-utero child, we know little about the effects of psychological stresses. One clear form of stress to the mother comes from the … death of a parent. We examine the effects of the death of the mother's parent during pregnancy on both the short-run and the …

death of a parent. We examine the effects of the death of the mother’s parent during pregnancy on both the short-run and the …While much is now known about the effects of physical health shocks to pregnant women on the outcomes of the in …-utero child, we know little about the effects of psychological stresses. One clear form of stress to the mother comes from the …

While much is now known about the effects of physical health shocks to pregnant women on the outcomes of the in …-utero child, we know little about the effects of psychological stresses. One clear form of stress to the mother comes from the … death of a parent. We examine the effects of the death of the mother's parent during pregnancy on both the short-run and the …

While much is now known about the effects of physical health shocks to pregnant women on the outcomes of the in …-utero child, we know little about the effects of psychological stresses. One clear form of stress to the mother comes from the … death of a parent. We examine the effects of the death of the mother's parent during pregnancy on both the short-run and the …

While much is now known about the effects of physical health shocks to pregnant women on the outcomes of the in …-utero child, we know little about the effects of psychological stresses. One clear form of stress to the mother comes from the … death of a parent. We examine the effects of the death of the mother's parent during pregnancy on both the short-run and the …

-range of birth outcomes, including birth weight, gestational age and an indicator of general newborn health. We control for … of having a late birth and negatively affected newborn health - with the largest effects for earthquakes that occurred in … the first and third trimesters of pregnancy. Our estimates are similar when we focus on just the impact of the initial …

, where violence is endemic and are particularly pronounced among children of poorly educated mothers, implying that violence … exposure to violence during the first trimester of pregnancy leads to a small but precisely estimated increase in the risk of … compounds the disadvantage that these children already suffer as a result of their households' lower socioeconomic status. …