This study examines whether and how the Big 3 audit firms in Japan respond to clients' business risk and whether their responses vary. Two possible approaches to addressing clients' higher business risk are increasing audit effort (e.g., increasing total audit hours or assigning more experienced...

The purpose of this study is to identify and explain the differences in the characteristics of earnings management around the world through an examination of quarterly earnings. First, we identify an earnings target in each country. We find that corporations in Finland, Germany, Italy, and Japan...

This research examines how the amendment of retirement benefits accounting affects earnings attributes and corporate management of Japanese companies. The results show that the existing net income before taxes is more persistent, predictable, smoothed, and value relevant, while that the approach...