Au XIX e siècle, les journaux publient, jour après jour, le cours des rentes, puis dans la seconde moitié du siècle, de certaines actions ; à la fin de chaque année, on prend l'habitude d'indiquer à l'épargnant le cours le plus haut et le cours le plus bas pour chaque mois de l'année...

The failure in 1697 of the 'Malt Lottery', the second Lottery-Loan, presents a beautiful case study. From a practical point of view, it tells us three things. 1) The technical features of the English State lotteries-loan were established for more than a century after only three experiments. 2)...

After a long period of state control of the telecommunication market, one has seen its opening, which has led to a multiplication of phone houses in Nouakchott. The management of these companies associates, with important elements of rationality, other more problematic behavior. Two sample...

Eastern Europe economies enjoyed in the past a rather important level of scientific and technological activity. This level is declining because of the scarcity of financial resources, but there still are capacities even if they are ill organised and directed. In this context there is room for...

Since Independence, formal banking institutions in West Africa have been unable to reach the majority of micro and small entrepreneurs, as well as the household sector. In addition, many of them have suffered financial troubles or failed. At the same time, cooperative savings and credit networks...

This paper deals with the economic impact of transition in Eastern Europe and the CIS. As a whole, the results are surprisingly bad with most of the countries still under the per capita income of the beginning of the transition, ten years after. We put the poor macroeconomic performances of...