In addition to the general non-commercial risks that may affect any foreign direct investment, low-carbon investments face specific risks related to the mechanisms of public support that states develop to enable the financial viability of such projects. In the absence of the full internalization...

Investors in alternative modes of electricity production that build their business cases on support schemes face the risk that states modify the financial incentives provided by these schemes once investments are made and costs are sunk. Similarly, operators of high-efficiency production...

Most existing support schemes aim to stimulate the deployment of renewable energy sources in the electricity sector on the basis of the electricity output (MWh) of renewable energy installations. Support is anchored in the electricity commodity market. In contrast to this established approach,...

The North-West of Russia is characterized by a large renewable energy resource base in geographic proximity to the EU. At the same time, EU Member States are bound by mandatory renewable energy targets which could prove to be costly to achieve in the current budgetary context and which often...

This chapter argues that the innovative approach to governance in the context of EU external energy efficiency has merits given the current deadlock in the negotiation of an international climate change and energy architecture. However, the current implementation of this policy is unlikely to be...

Russia is not only rich in natural gas, oil, coal and uranium. It also holds a considerable renewable energy resource base. The Federal Electricity Law mandates the federal Government to stimulate the development of renewable energy sources. However, so far, the Government has failed to create a...

Following the European Union (EU) experience, an increasing number of countries are establishing an Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS). The EU ETS often serves as a ‘model' despite fundamental differences in the receiving environment. In the EU liberalized energy markets, carbon prices are...

Electricity supply in remote areas of the Russian territory is heavily dependent on diesel sources. Diesel generation imposes an important economic and social burden on the local population, besides the environmental impact of greenhouse gas emissions, black carbon and oil spills. Switching to...

Water, energy, and climate change are intrinsically related to each other but are nonetheless subject to different international legal regimes. The fragmented nature of water, energy, and climate governance represents a challenge for the sustainable management of resources in the energy and...