This paper explores the incentives of investment in renewable energy of two utility firms who compete or cooperate under either a cap-and-trade grandfathering mechanism (GM) or benchmarking mechanism (BM). We find that utility firms will invest in renewable energy more under BM than under GM, in...

The COVID-19 pandemic has had a negative impact on small businesses, substantially accelerating business failure and adversely affecting financial viability. We consider these issues in the context of the fitness sector. The pandemic shifted patterns of human mobility, whereby the operating...