This paper demonstrates that the bilateral equivalence between trade in value added (TiVA) and value added content of trade. TiVA, based on value added exports, which is proposed by Johnson-Noguera and OECD-WTO, measures origin country’s value added exports induced by each destination...

This paper amends Kuboniwa (2014). We present a proof of a fundamental theorem on the relationship between trade balances in value added and gross terms in a general model with many countries and many sectors: the total sum of a country’s trade balances with all other countries measured in...