Trust is a critical component of interfirm relations, and scholars have pointed to Japan as an environment where trusting relationships flourish. In looking for environmental characteristics important for enabling and sustaining trust in Japan, we propose that a critical role is played by a...

I examine the modernization of food retailing in developing economies, focusing on the early stages of retail modernization in Vietnam. This modernization represents innovation that is sought by the host country and that depends on knowledge transfer. Retail modernization has profound effects on...

This paper reviews empirical tests of two of the main implications of the internationalization model: that firms, as they gain international experience, enter markets of increasing psychic distance and that they enter a given market with successive entry modes that reflect increasing commitment....

We empirically test the proposition that foreign direct investors should use joint ventures with local firms for their first investment in unfamiliar markets. By tracking the expansion paths of Japanese investors in the US, we find no evidence that the growth of Japanese firms which first...

As the practice of a firm in one country owning production facilities in another has increased, several theories have developed to explain why production facilities do not always have local owners who would presumably be more familiar with local business conditions. A transaction cost...