Despite decades-long efforts to eradicate it, corruption remains a major risk for doing business in emerging markets. Our study of 111 CEOs and owners of companies operating in Russia showed the ineffectiveness of universalistic top-down anti-corruption strategies at the firm level and tested a...

The estimation of the causal effect of an endogenous treatment based on an instrumental variable (IV) is often complicated by the non-observability of the outcome of interest due to attrition, sample selection, or survey non-response. To tackle the latter problem, the latent ignorability (LI)...