We test the relationship between the size of regional trade agreements (RTA) and openness by using a gravity equation with multilateral trade factors. Our sample includes eleven RTAs, seven with constant membership and four with expanding membership. Regional trade bias declines with the size of...

We test the relationship between the size of regional trade agreements (RTA) and openness using a gravity equation with multilateral trade factors on a large sample of 143 countries over period 1980-2003. Our sample includes eleven RTAs, seven with constant membership and four with an expanding...

We test the relationship between size of regional trade agreement (RTA) and regional trade bias using a gravity equation on a large sample of 143 countries for the period 1980-2003. We find that regional trade bias declines with the size of the club and that three of the four expanding RTAs have...

This study analyzes the international scale and scope of European multinational enterprises (MNEs). By using five widely used multinationality measures and the corresponding five measures for intra-regional activities, the results confirm that the European MNEs focus on their home region market...

This study examines whether and to what extent emerging-market multinational enterprises (EM MNEs) can use outward FDI in a developed market to capture knowledge spillovers so as to improve their technological capabilities at home. We refer to this as a “reverse spillover” effect on parent...

We study the post acquisition R&D of both targets and acquirers involved in cross-border acquisitions by developing and estimating a two equation model that explicitly accounts for cross-border knowledge flows. We employ a sample of 3,243 firm-year observations, representing 299 cross-border...