Sovereign debt markets are rapidly venturing into the world of sustainable finance. Sovereign and subsovereign borrowers increasingly use ‘green’, ‘social’, and ‘sustainability’ bonds and loans to finance their domestic sustainability agenda. The rationale behind those instruments is...

The recent European economic crisis has dramatically exposed the failures of the various institutional mechanisms in place to maintain economic stability in Europe, and has unveiled the difficulty in achieving international coordination on fiscal and financial stability policies. Drawing on the...

This article will analyze the interplay between capital movements and trade in services as structured in World Trade Organization (WTO) law, and it will assess the implications of the capital account liberalization for the freedom of WTO Members to pursue their economic policies. Although the...

The question of adjudication in international financial law has rarely been analysed comprehensively in the legal literature. This can probably be explained with the fact that, unlike in other areas of international economic law, there is no international financial court specifically designed to...

In recent years much attention has been given to systemic risk and maintaining financial stability. Much of the focus, rightly, has been on market failures and the role of regulation in addressing them. This article looks at the role of domestic policies and government actions as sources of...

Capital controls and exchange restrictions are used to restrict international capital flows during economic crises. This paper looks at the legal implications of these restrictions and explores the current international regulatory framework applicable to international capital movements and...

Capital controls and exchange restrictions are used to restrict international capital flows during economic crises. This paper looks at the legal implications of these restrictions and explores the current international regulatory framework applicable to international capital movements and...

States have routinely changed the form and the transmission mechanisms of money, from the ancient practice of coin de-basement, to the introduction of the Euro in 1999, or the recent push towards cashless payments. Very little has been said on the impact that monetary transitions have on money...

Over the last few years, governments in the United States, Europe, and Asia have waged a war to slowly reduce the role of cash in the economy in favour of digital payments. What some commentators dubbed as the “war on cash”. Evidence shows that banknotes present fundamental problems due to...