This study examines how subsidiaries in multinational corporations (MNCs) experience interactions with corporate headquarters. We conceptualize such interactions in terms of organizing costs, focusing on two key types of costs: bargaining costs and information costs. Specifically, we examine how...

This paper expands the entry mode literature by referring to multiple modes exerted simultaneously in different value chain activities within and across host markets, rather than to a single entry mode at the host market level. We apply competing theoretical perspectives internalization theory...

While the extant literature on offshore outsourcing at the firm level basically deals with this operation mode in isolation, in this paper we address the issue of outsourcing in the context of the broader question of how companies choose and use outsourcing as part of their operation mode...