The paper addresses two issues. One concerns the general conditions and procedures involved in the emergence of a tool industry. Tool industries emerge and evolve as a collection of capital goods and tool inventors and manufacturers. One of our goals is to use some of the works on historical...

This study describes patterns and trends of intellectual property (IP) use in Brazil, drawing on a new statistical database (BADEPI) containing all IP filings at Brazilian Instituto Nacional da Propriedade Industrial (INPI) over the period 2000-2011. This novel database contains a unique set of...

An analysis of FDA-approved new molecular entities reveals dynamism in terms of new innovation. An assessment of the first patent for each drug reveals that the pharmaceutical industry, particularly large, established companies in North America, tend to dominate the field. Over the past 10-15...

Whereas recent scholarly research has provided many insights about universities engaging in commercial activities, there is still little empirical evidence regarding the opposite phenomenon of companies disseminating scientific knowledge. Our paper aims to fill this gap and explores the...

This article studies the emergence of global imbalances. A periodisation is made up using precise statistical tools. Imbalances are then studied using three original indicators. The first underlines their recent concentration. The second shows that Europe is the only great economic zone not to...

Whereas recent scholarly research has provided many insights about universities engaging in commercial activities, there is still little empirical evidence regarding the opposite phenomenon of companies disseminating scientific knowledge. Our paper aims to fill this gap and explores the...

Cet article retrace l'émergence des déséquilibres mondiaux de compte courant au cours des dernières décennies. Une périodisation est construite à l'aide d'outils statistiques précis. Les déséquilibres sont ensuite étudiés à l'aide de trois indicateurs originaux. Le premier souligne...