The two-stage estimator is often more tractable when there are nuisance parameters that can be separately estimated and plugged into an objective function. The joint estimator tends to bear the higher computational cost since it estimates all parameters in one stage by optimizing the sum of...

This paper stems from a research project carried out for the Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) to make an inventory of national standards education policies. Twenty countries - sixteen Asia-Pacific economies and four European nations – have been investigated. The paper relates...

Research has shown that birth weight has a lasting impact on adult outcomes such as education and earnings. This paper examines the role of nutritional intake in utero on academic achievement in childhood, which may provide a link between birth weight and adult outcomes, and further investigates...

This paper reconsiders the empirical evidence of the relationship between tax treaties and FDI using U.S. outbound FDI to 78 countries over the period of 2007？2018. Unlike previous studies, we explicitly consider differences in the tax environments of recipient economies, including their...

As the age for National Pension eligibility rises, creating an income gap, many older people typically offset this by increasing their labor earnings, studies suggest. Those facing a pension gap tend to increase earnings without an accompanying rise in poverty or reduction in consumption....

Purpose: This study tries to identify the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the similarity of banks' loan portfolios. Design/methodology/approach: Using the entire firm-level bank loan data from 2009 to 2020 in the Korean market, this study analyzes the cosine similarity in terms of credit...

Giga is a joint initiative between United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) and the International Telecommunication Union to map schools and educational facilities worldwide, along with the quality of their connection to the internet. In this report, the authors demonstrate the use of the Degree...

Giga is a joint initiative between United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) and the International Telecommunication Union to map schools and educational facilities worldwide, along with the quality of their connection to the internet. In this report, the authors demonstrate the use of the Degree...

Asia is home to the most rapidly aging populations in the world. This study focuses on two countries in Asia that are advanced in terms of their demographic transition: the Republic of Korea and Singapore. We developed a demographic and economic state-transition microsimulation model based on...