Private-public partnership (PPP) methods are considered to be an effective way to narrow the gap between demand and supply of social infrastructure. If successfully pursued, PPP can deliver benefits to users, governments, and the private sector, or the so-called triple wins. Enhancing efficiency...

This paper adapts the World Bank Regulatory Quality Index (RQI) which is produced annually to have better understandings on effects of regulatory reforms, instead of the Production Market Regulation (PMR) indicators published every 5 years. Firstly, this analysis indicates that GDP per capita...

Both financial and non-financial firms routinely implement hedging policies to mitigate their exposure to changes in asset prices. However, while these policies may perform satisfactorily in the limited sense of hedging the exposure under consideration, they might increase the overall likelihood...

One of the few regulations that all private foundations in the United States face is the requirement that they spend in grants and administrative expenses at least 5 percent of the value of their endowment. This number remains less a product of economic reasoning than three decades old political...

Recent changes in financial markets have altered the structure of liquidity provision and thus undercut the relative importance of the banking sector. Our analysis suggests a significant contraction of banks' role as liquidity transformers and hence a reduction in their susceptibility to the...

Both financial and non-financial firms routinely implement hedging policies to mitigate their exposure to changes in asset prices. However, while these policies may perform satisfactorily in the limited sense of hedging the exposure under consideration, they might increase the overall likelihood...

Although much of banking theory and regulation is based on banks modeled as fragile liquidity transformers, this view does not appear to have solid empirical foundation. We show that the amount of liquidity transformation - measured as the scaled difference between liquid liabilities and assets...