Drawing on the institution-based view of intellectual property (IP) rights, we argue that ‘distance’ in IP protection strength of MNEs’ home and host countries reduces the ability of MNEs to innovate at foreign subsidiary locations. We contend that this logic applies in both directions –...

Research on the internationalization of small and medium enterprises based in emerging markets (EM-SMEs) is gaining momentum, yet, less is known about the specific factors that deter EM-SMEs’ from internationalizing via foreign direct investment (FDI). In this paper, using institutional and...

Emerging-market multinational enterprises (EMNEs) are, on the one hand, investing in both developed and developing countries aggressively. On the other hand, they are facing greater pressures from their home and host countries to operate in a socially responsible manner. In this paper, combining...