The concept of universal service lies at the heart of the European thinking on markets and public services. The paper analyzes the EU universal service both from a comparative and a trans-sectoral perspective. It conceptualizes the general theory of universal service and applies it to the recent...

The article examines, from an EU perspective, what functions and considerations may justify party autonomy in the fields of international family and succession law. The article argues that in family and succession law the main function of party autonomy should be to tackle the uncertainties...

The paper presents and evaluates the impact of the ‘more economic' approach of the Hungarian Competition Office's decisional practice as to predatory pricing, margin squeeze and refusal to deal under Hungarian competition law. It compares the Hungarian practice with the more formalistic...

This paper presents and analyzes Hungary's recent legislative efforts and failure to exclude arbitration in matters involving (Hungarian) national assets, demonstrating the difficulties a country faces if it attempts to defy the prevailing pattern of dispute settlement in international trade....

Although substantive competition law has been largely “Europeanized”, procedural law comes, for the most part, under the autonomy of the Member States and, for a long time, thinking on the procedural aspects of competition law's application had not been in the focus of the European...

This paper analyzes the compatibility of intra-EU bilateral investment treaties—intra-EU BITs—with EU law. The status and validity of intra-EU BITs gave rise to a heated debate in Europe, which culminated in the CJEU's recent controversial judgment in Achmea. This Article demonstrates that...

The paper provides an analysis of WTO law's security exceptions. First, it examines if acts adopted with reference to national security are reviewable and, if they are, which elements are reviewable and what defenses, if any, are enjoyed by member states? Second, it inquires whether WTO law’s...

The paper analyses and evaluates, from a comparative perspective, the recent developments in the treatment of resale price fixing (RPF) in EU competition law. It inquires whether, as to the treatment of RPF, EU competition law is in line with US antitrust after the changes introduced by the 2010...

The article analyses the distinction between object and effect in competition analysis in the context of the CJEU's recent ruling in Allianz. First, it examines the rationale and traditional notion of anti-competitive object. Secondly, it provides an outlook to the structure of antitrust...

This paper analyses and evaluates the Hungarian Competition Office's private enforcement generating decisional practice on commitments. It pertains to this practice that commitments often remedy the detrimental consequences of competition violations and provide compensation for the victims. The...