This paper studies the long-term growth rate of expected utility from holding a leveraged exchanged-traded fund (LETF), which is a constant proportion portfolio of the reference asset. Working with the power utility function, we develop an analytical approach that employs martingale extraction...

Recently, Ross showed that it is possible to recover an objective measure from a risk-neutral measure. His model assumes that there is a finite-state Markov process X that drives the economy in discrete time. Many authors extended his model to a continuous-time setting with a Markov diffusion...

The purpose of this article is to describe all possible beliefs of market participants on objective measures under Markovian environments when a risk-neutral measure is given. To achieve this, we employ the Martin integral representation of Markovian pricing kernels. Then, we offer economic and...

In this article, we investigate the behavior of long-term options. In many cases, option prices follow an exponential decay (or growth) rate for further maturity dates. We determine under what conditions option prices are characterized by this property. To see this, we use the martingale...

The risk premium is one of main concepts in mathematical finance. It is a measure of the trade-offs investors make between return and risk and is defined by the excess return relative to the risk-free interest rate that is earned from an asset per one unit of risk. The purpose of this article is...

This paper discusses the sensitivity of the long-term expected utility of optimal portfolios for an investor with constant relative risk aversion. Under an incomplete market given by a factor model, we consider the utility maximization problem with long-time horizon. The main purpose is to find...

This paper presents a generic probabilistic approach to study elasticities and sensitivities of financial quantities under stochastic volatility models. We describe the shock elasticity, the quantile sensitivity and the vaga value of cash flows with respect to perturbation of the volatility...