This article consists of three main parts. The first part is a review about Foreign Exchange market (FOREX) where the history, function, transaction volume and participants of FOREX also its distinctions with other financial markets will be considered. Furthermore this part puts forward...

Due to use profit-sharing modes in Islamic banks, the nature of risks in these institutions has changed and the return of investments or deposits isn't predetermined. Because the return of investors settles based on profit-loss sharing, they are also contributed to risk of banking operations. In...

On implementation, IFRS 9 increases credit loss (impairment) charges and reduces after-tax profits of banks. This makes retained earnings and hence capital resources lower than what they would be under IAS 39. To maintain their capital ratios under IFRS 9, banks could elect to hold higher levels...

Since the 1980s, important and progressive reforms have profoundly reshaped the structure of the Chinese banking system. Many empirical studies suggest that financial reform promoted bank competition in most mature and emerging economies. However, some earlier studies that adopted conventional...