Enrofloxacin (ENR) is a widely used veterinary fluoroquinolone antibiotic and is frequently detected in water environments. In this study, degradation of ENR was investigated by molecular oxygen mediation using nanometer zero-valent copper (nZVC) as the catalyst. The dosage of nZVC, initial pH,...

Exploiting the heterogeneity in legal constraints on local bank employees' mobility, I show that access to local information influences banks' modes of expansion. Banks entering a new market typically establish new branches directly when interbank labor mobility is less restrictive but acquire...

As the urbanization rate in the world has increased rapidly, the housing vacancy problem has become serious and attracting more attention. Calculating and analyzing vacant housing will help reduce the wasteful use of resources. This paper measures the housing vacancy rate and housing vacancy...

Due to the rapid progress in printed circuit board (PCB) industries, plenty of waste etchants, characterized by the high concentration of copper chloride and hydrochloric acid, are generated continuously, which has placed a heavy burden on the environment and metal resources. Herein, a succinct...

This paper studies whether knowledge protection affects shareholder value and firms' investment in knowledge assets using the staggered adoptions and rejections of the inevitable disclosure doctrine (IDD) by U.S. state courts as exogenous changes in the level of knowledge protection. We find...

Through the lens of credit risk ratings, we investigate how banks determine loan terms under capital constraints. Using a unique and comprehensive supervisory dataset of individual corporate loans in the US, we show that unexpected adjustments to banks' internal rating systems, which only alter...

We investigate bank relationships in a rarely-considered context – consumer and small business credit cards. Using over one million accounts, we find during normal times, consumer relationship customers enjoy relatively favorable credit terms, consistent with the bright side of relationships,...

We investigate how relationship borrowers fare relative to others in loan contract terms (spread, collateral, maturity, amount) during times of need using the COVID-19 quasi-natural experiment. COVID-19 is superior for such analysis because it primarily affects borrowers rather than banks. Our...