The report investigated the cost savings of such cooperation for EU MS. Our analysis focused on cooperation with Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) on the development of hydro energy projects. We chose hydro energy in BiH as an example case due to a large number of planned projects and availability of...

This working paper discusses similarities and differences between the cooperation mechanisms of the EU renewable energy directive (RES directive) and the flexible mechanisms of the Kyoto Protocol. The cooperation mechanisms allow the (virtual) trade of renewable energy and were introduced with...

The paper investigates the role of the renewable cooperation mechanisms of the Renewable Energy Directive for the West Balkan countries and assesses possible win-win constellations for buyer and seller countries. It concludes that the role of cooperation mechanisms in the West Balkans is not a...

Mitigating air pollution has been of high importance in London since 1999 however prior to 2017, activities have had moderate success. European legislation, health issues and emerging new technologies have given momentum to strongly accelerate the effort. In 2016 the newly elected mayor, Sadiq...

Vlaanderen Circulair (Circular Flanders) has the vision of a transition to a circular economy. It consists of the Flemish Materials Programme, Plan C, and the Sustainable Materials Management (SuMMa). Since 2017 they are integrated in OVAM, the Public Waste Agency of Flanders. Plan C includes a...

This paper offers a first assessment of the use and impacts of the RES cooperation mechanisms for achieving the Austrian 34% RES-target by 2020. A comprehensive model-supported analysis has been conducted that assesses the impacts of increasing domestic energy efficiency and renewable energy...

The Durban Climate Conference agreed on the creation of a new market-based mechanism under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and to consider the establishment of an overall framework for various mitigation approaches, including opportunities for using markets...

The Cancun Agreements in December 2010 have set the basis for the continuing availability of market mechanisms to assist developed countries in meeting their mitigation commitments a post-2010 climate regime. They provide that the introduction of the new market-based mechanisms (NMMs) will be...

The EU emissions trading system (ETS) is expected to make a major contribution towards achieving the EU’s target to reduce greenhouse emissions by at least 40% by 2030 compared with 1990 levels. Moreover, there is a strong need to address an accumulated over-supply of emissions allowances and...

Energy sharing', sometimes referred as collective self-consumption (CSC), allows citizens to share self-generated electricity with their neighbourhood (or even beyond) on a contractual basis. However, as of early 2025, among all 27 EU member states, only a few of them have implemented functional...