A set of U.S.-based companies is investigated regarding the effectiveness of intellectual property protection mechanisms (IPPMs) in the formation of research partnerships. Patents are the most frequently used IPPM to protect both background and foreground knowledge in partnerships. Other IPPMs...

The objective of this study was to assess empirically whether economies of scale and scope with respect to innovation outputs exist at the research project level. The assumption underlying European Union research and innovation policy - and for that matter many national policies - appears to be...

This paper is about the policy concept of smart specialization (RIS3) and its potential for application in emerging economies. This is an important issue as emerging economies continue to struggle against the forces of globalization and targeted investments through RIS3 strategies that may help...

Using a database of all research joint ventures registered in the U.S., we document the pervasiveness of multiproject contact, defined as pairs of firms engaging in several research joint ventures together. In contrast to the anticompetitive view prevailing in the literature, we develop a model...

The US government has decidedly moved towards encouraging co-operation in research and development (R&D) between firms, universities, and other research institutes since the early 1980s. The Republican Administration in the early 1980s set the stage for a radical shift in market environment...