Lawmakers want to know the returns on their investment. The difficulties in measuring benefits and costs, and attributing some portion of those to specific research and technology development (R&D) programs, has meant that many such studies are not seen as credible by those lawmakers. This paper...

As research and innovation have become central to the economy, the challenge of managing these activities has taken on greater importance. Studies have focused on the impact of organizational variables on research activities, such as work environment, human resource factors, and managerial...