The study of culture on economic development provides great potential for us to better understand why some economies grow faster. However, realizing this potential is challenging due to the difficulty of collecting cultural data and the unreliable nature of using such data. I propose to use...

Direct investment and indirect (portfolio) investment require different governance mechanisms for investor protection. The literature on the effect of the governance environment (such as the legal system) on investment, which had been relatively underdeveloped, has begun to draw more attention...

Traditionally, the Chinese government used an “iron fist” to control the economy and firms under central planning. However, the economic reforms since 1978 have substantially changed the institutional landscape. After more than two decades of dramatic economic transition, the economy is now...

Manuscript Type: Perspective Research Question/Issue: Relation-based governance has helped China to achieve rapid economic growth in its early stage; however, continuing to rely on it may hinder China’s further development. The research question is: given China’s cultural heritage and other...

We challenge the widely accepted premise that the valuation of an early-stage firm is simply the capital invested (USD) divided by the equity received (%). Instead, we argue that this calculation determines the break-even point for the investor; for example, investing USD 1.0 in exchange for a...

Purpose: Does product diversification constrain or boost international expansion of business groups from emerging markets? What is the role of international orientation and group resources in moderating this relationship? Given the dominance of business groups as an organizational form in...

Liability of foreignness (LOF) is a well known concept in international business domain. At the core of LOF is the insight that firms face social and economic costs when they operate in foreign markets. Extant literature acknowledges that the ability of firms to overcome LOF in host locations...

Although trust and commitment are important for the success of any alliance activity, there is only a minimal attention given to the 'soft' side of alliance management. In this article we propose a dynamic framework for the development of trust and commitment in different alliance types. We...

We argue that the effectiveness of aligning incentives through greed and fear reductions cannot be examined independent of the relational context molded by trust and time horizon. We propose that trust and time horizon jointly give rise to apprehension and temptation, which in turn generate...