Information sharing becomes increasingly important in recent years as online platforms gather massive consumer information that is typically invisible by upstream manufacturers and competing sellers/retailers. We study an online platform’s demand information sharing strategy in a distribution...

This paper studies retailer-sponsored financing (RSF), an emerging practice of retailers in developing economies to help capital-constrained suppliers obtain external financing for production. Under RSF, the retailer agrees to share the loan-repayment responsibility with the supplier – the...

Congestion is an important issue that requires the efficiency of decision-making units (DMUs). We first classify conventional congestion into congestion (newly defined) and technical inefficiency, based on prior research and real applications. Modified definitions and mathematical expression of...