After the international financial crisis, new financial regulations were adopted at the international, regional (EU) and national levels. The timing, the sequencing and the interaction of reforms at different levels followed distinct patterns, which had implications for the design and the...

This paper analyses and compares the roles which Belgium and Italy have played in the process of European monetary integration. It discusses Belgian and Italian attitudes towards European integration and EMU, exchange rate policies, key concepts of the Belgian and Italian EMU strategies and the...

The Single Market in financial services has increasingly been used for geoeconomic purposes, that range from incipient geoeconomic use to outward weaponization of the Single Market in finance. This geoeconomic usage can be illustrated in a few salient cases that involve the EU and other...

Brexit poses a profound challenge to the economic fortunes of the City of London. Recognising this, the UK financial sector campaigned for a Remain vote in the June 2016 EU referendum, and has subsequently lobbied for a "soft" Brexit policy to guarantee continued access to the EU's single...

This paper analyses and compares the roles which Belgium and Italy have played in the process of European monetary integration. It discusses Belgian and Italian attitudes towards European integration and EMU, exchange rate policies, key concepts of the Belgian and Italian EMU strategies and the...