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Energy affordability can be defined as a household’s ability to pay for necessary levels of energy use within normal spending patterns. This paper uses three indicators to measure energy affordability risk in 20 OECD countries. Energy affordability risk differs widely between countries. The...
Persistent link: https://www.econbiz.de/10011669853
This paper examines the taxation of labour income in five key emerging economies: Brazil, China, India, Indonesia and … Wages methodology. Average and marginal tax wedges in Brazil and China (Shanghai) are found to be similar in size in 2010 to … those of many OECD countries. In contrast, India, Indonesia and South Africa (as well as rural China) impose very low …
Persistent link: https://www.econbiz.de/10009686646
This paper compares the tax system in China with the tax system in OECD countries and the tax reforms China and OECD … countries have implemented in the past. The analysis focuses on those taxes and tax issues which are currently on China’s reform …. The paper provides a (preliminary) analysis of the tax-to-GDP ratio and the tax mix in China as well as the average and …
Persistent link: https://www.econbiz.de/10010230288