In this chapter we survey the empirical literature on media bias, with a focus on partisan and ideological biases. First, we discuss the methods used to measure the relative positions of media outlets. We divide bias into two categories, explicit and implicit bias. We group existing measures of...

What are critical systems thinking and critical social theory all about? What are social order, human freedom, and happiness? Can we shape our own destiny? Are the ideas of collective autonomy and responsibility utopian? In Power, Ideology, and Control, author John C. Oliga sheds light on these...