We estimated the import and export elasticities of Pakistan trade with traditional trade partners and some Asian countries to see the dynamics of Pakistan trade from 1973 to 2008. OLS results suggest that income is the principal determinant of exports and imports. Pakistan exports are...

High economic growth, price stability and low unemployment are the most enviable macroeconomic goals. The success of government policies is reflected in low inflation and low unemployment. The nature and costs of inflation and unemployment can have vital impact on the economy and society....

Developing countries inherited weak and underdeveloped economies from colonial rulers. During the three decades (1950s, 1960s, 1970s) developing countries experimented with diverse development theories. During 1980s these countries faced current account and fiscal deficits problems. World Bank...

This paper has addressed the nature of the casual relationship between national savings and foreign capital in Pakistan over the period 1960 -2010 using the Granger no-causality test based on Toda and Yamamoto (1995) procedure. The results show that no causality is found from foreign capital to...

We used Engle–Granger cointegration test to investigate and compare the long-run performance of imports and exports in Pakistan, India, Sri Lanka, Korea and Thailand. Graphical analysis demonstrates an inherent tendency of imports and exports to move together in the long run. Cointegration and...

The empirical evidence indicates that the overall macro impact of the adjustment programme was not adverse. Investment, government expenditure, absorption exports, imports, terms of trade and money supply had a significant deviation during the years 1991-2004. Exchange rate has been depreciating...

This paper investigates the direction of causation between GDP representing economic growth, exports and its different categories, imports and world income. After experiencing vigorous import-substitution in the past decades, Pakistan adopted an outward-looking strategy in the late 1980s with an...

Countries hold foreign currency reserves to support and influence exchange rate. This paper examines the causal relationship between exchange rate and reserves in six Asian countries. We obtain divergent evidence regarding the long-run and stable relationship between reserves and exchange rate...