Purpose: This study extends the educational institutions' performance and efficiency literature by examining Brazil's Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology (FIEST), which consists of educational units throughout the country that span several levels of education....

This study extends prior research on referee bias and close bias in professional soccer by examining whether Major League Soccer (MLS) referees’ discretion over stoppage time (i.e., extra play beyond regulation) is influenced by end-of-regulation match scores and/or home field advantage. To do...