This article provides estimates of the impact of earmarked revenues on the level and composition of state expenditures. Examined are four types of state spending —total, elementary and secondary education, highways, and aid to nonschool local governments -and two measures of earmarking...

We examine changes in the use of nontax revenues for education finance from 1991 to 2010. Beyond the summary of usage over time, we ask whether nontraditional revenues like fees accentuate or mitigate the impact of downturns. More generally, we examine the extent to which school districts have...