In this paper, state expenditures are analyzed with respect to their impact on the creation and realization of surplus value. In order to do this, the categories of productive and unproductive labor are developed and tied to the causes of economic crises. State expenditures are divided into...

Longitudinal data are used to compute income and earnings mobility in the 1970s and 1980s. The various strengths and weakness of different perspectives on mobility are assessed, with the change in real income or earnings being chosen as the one that most closely resembles the common-sense...

In this paper we demonstrate that because of stagnating wages and rising job insecurity, there has been a change in the labor supply regime in the U.S. macroeconomy since the 1970s. There is now greater labor supply at any given officially measured unemployment rate. This induced growth in the...