This article compares group inequalities and policies of inclusion in four major emerging economies: Brazil, China, India and South Africa. Bringing together the evidence on inequalities in these large countries is important: they have a large influence on global inequalities, and it is critical...

Using state-level data for 1970–93, a simultaneous equation model was developed to estimate the direct and indirect effects of different types of government expenditure on ruralpoverty and productivity growth in India. The results show that in order to reduce rural poverty, the Indian...