Various environmental measures, including both regulations and fiscal instruments, have been used at airports globally to reduce the impacts of aircraft noise as well as aircraft engine emissions. Internationally, it is recognized that the costs of environmental and social externalities of air...

This paper compares the economic gains from airports with some of the environmental costs of their operations. The economic effects are divided into direct, indirect, and induced impacts, and the direct impact into employment and income generated by the operation of an airport; while the...